men's jeans
Microscopic image of faded jeans fabric
Jeans are a type of pants or trousers, typically
made from denim or dungaree cloth. Often the
term "jeans" refers to a particular style of
trousers, called "blue jeans", which were invented
by Jacob W. Davis in partnership with Levi
Strauss & Co. in 1871 [1] and patented by Jacob
W. Davis and Levi Strauss on May 20, 1873.
Prior to the Levi Strauss patented trousers, the
term "blue jeans" had been long in use for
various garments (including trousers, overalls,
and coats), constructed from blue-colored
denim. [2] "Jean" also references a (historic) type
of sturdy cloth commonly made with a cotton
warp and wool weft (also known as "Virginia
cloth"). Jean cloth can be entirely cotton as well,
similar to denim. Originally designed for
cowboys and miners , modern jeans became
popular in the 1950s among teenagers,
especially members of the greaser subculture.
Jeans were a common fashion item in the
1960s hippie subculture and they continued to
be popular in the 1970s and 1980s youth
subcultures of punk rock and heavy metal.
Nowadays, they are one of the most popular
types of trousers, especially in Western culture.
Historic brands include Levi's , Lee, and
Wrangler.
History
Origin of jean fabric
A traditional women's Genoese
dress in "blue jeans" (1890s)
Research on the trade of jean fabric shows that it
emerged in the cities of Genoa, Italy, and Nîmes,
France. Gênes, the French word for Genoa, may
be the origin of the word " jeans ". In Nîmes,
weavers tried to reproduce jean fabric but
instead developed a similar twill fabric that
became known as denim, from de Nîmes ,
meaning "from Nîmes". Genoa's jean fabric was
a fustian textile of "medium quality and of
reasonable cost", very similar to cotton corduroy
for which Genoa was famous, and was "used for
work clothes in general". The Genoese navy
equipped its sailors with jeans, as they needed a
fabric which could be worn wet or dry. [3][4]
Nîmes's "denim" was coarser, considered higher
quality, and was used "for over garments such as
smocks or overalls". [5] Nearly all indigo , needed
for dyeing, came from indigo bush plantations in
India until the late 19th century. It was replaced
by indigo synthesis methods developed in
Germany. [6]
Copper rivets for reinforcing pockets are
a characteristic feature of blue jeans.
By the 17th century, jean was a crucial textile for
working-class people in Northern Italy. This is
seen in a series of genre paintings from around
the 17th century attributed to an artist now
nicknamed The Master of the Blue Jeans. [7] The
ten paintings depict impoverished scenes with
lower-class figures wearing a fabric that looks
like denim. The fabric would have been Genoese
jean, which was cheaper. Genre painting came to
prominence in late 16th century, and the non-
nobility subject matter in all ten paintings places
them among others that portray similar
scenes. [8]
Dungaree was mentioned for the first time in the
17th century, when it was referred to as cheap,
coarse thick cotton cloth, often colored blue but
sometimes white, worn by impoverished people
in what was then a region of Bombay , India a
dockside village called Dongri. This cloth was
"dungri" in Hindi . Dungri was exported to
England and used for manufacturing of cheap,
robust working clothes. In English, the word
"dungri" became pronounced as "dungaree". [9]
Origin of riveted jeans
Jacob Davis
Levi Strauss
The term jeans appears first in 1795, when a
Swiss banker by the name Jean-Gabriel Eynard
and his brother Jacques went to Genoa and both
were soon heading a flourishing commercial
concern. In 1800 Massena 's troops entered the
town and Jean-Gabriel was entrusted with their
supply. In particular he furnished them with
uniforms cut from blue cloth called "bleu de
Genes" whence later derives the famous garment
known worldwide as "blue jeans". [10]
Levi Strauss , as a young man in 1851, went from
Germany to New York to join his older brothers
who ran a goods store. In 1853, he moved to
San Francisco to open his own dry goods
business. Jacob Davis was a tailor who often
bought bolts of cloth from the Levi Strauss &
Co . wholesale house. In 1872, Davis wrote to
Strauss asking to partner with him to patent and
sell clothing reinforced with rivets. [11] The
copper rivets were to reinforce the points of
stress, such as pocket corners and at the
bottom of the button fly. Levi accepted Davis's
offer, [12] and the two men received US patent
No. 139,121 for an "Improvement in Fastening
Pocket-Openings" on May 20, 1873. [13]
The classic label for Levi 501 jeans.
Davis and Strauss experimented with different
fabrics. An early attempt was brown cotton duck,
a bottom-weight fabric. [a] Finding denim a more
suitable material for work-pants, they began
using it to manufacture their riveted pants. The
denim used was produced by an American
manufacturer. Popular legend incorrectly states
that it was imported from Nimes, France . A
popular myth is that Strauss initially sold brown
canvas pants to miners, later dyed them blue,
turned to using denim, and only after Davis wrote
to him, added rivets. [11]
Initially, Strauss' jeans were simply sturdy
trousers worn by factory workers, miners,
farmers, and cattlemen throughout the North
American West. [14][15] During this period,
men's jeans had the fly down the front, whereas
women's jeans had the fly down the left
side. [16] When Levi Strauss & Co. patented the
modern, mass-produced prototype in the year
1873, there were two pockets in the front and
one on the back with copper rivets. Later, the
jeans were redesigned to today's industry
standard of five pockets including a little watch
pocket and copper rivets. [10]
Recent evolution
Fewer jeans were made during World War II , but
'waist overalls' were introduced to the world by
US soldiers, who sometimes wore them off
duty. [17] [18] By the 1960s, both men's and
women's jeans had the zipper down the front.
Historic photographs indicate that in the decades
before they became a staple of fashion, jeans
generally fit quite loosely, much like a pair of bib
overalls without the bib. Indeed, until 1960, Levi
Strauss called its flagship product "waist
overalls" rather than "jeans".
After James Dean popularized them in the movie
Rebel Without a Cause , wearing jeans became a
symbol of youth rebellion during the 1950s. [19]
During the 1960s the wearing of jeans became
more acceptable, and by the 1970s it had
become general fashion in the United States for
casual wear. [20] However, the acceptance of
jean to becoming casual wear is still relatively
low in Japan. [21]
Leigh Jones, a recording artist
wearing ripped jeans, 2009
Examples of intentional denim distressing strictly
to make them more fashionable can be seen as
early as 1935 in Vogue's June issue. [22]
Michael Belluomo, editor of Sportswear
International Magazine, Oct/Nov 1987, P. 45,
wrote that in 1965, Limbo, a boutique in the
New York East Village, was "the first retailer to
wash a new pair of jeans to get a used, worn
effect, and the idea became a hit." He continued,
"[Limbo] hired East Village artists to embellish
the jeans with patches, decals, and other
touches, and sold them for $200." In the early
1980s the denim industry introduced the stone-
washing technique developed by GWG also
known as "Great Western Garment Co." Donald
Freeland of Edmonton, Alberta pioneered the
method, [23] which helped to bring denim to a
larger and more versatile market. Acceptance of
jeans continued through the 1980s and 1990s.
Originally an esoteric fashion choice, in the
2010s jeans may be seen being worn by men
and women of all ages. [24]
Manufacturing processes
Dyeing
See also: Azo dye
Chemical structure of indigo dye, the
blue of blue jeans.
Traditionally, jeans were dyed to a blue color
using natural indigo dye. Most denim is now
dyed using synthetic indigo. Approximately
20 thousand tons of indigo are produced
annually for this purpose, though only a few
grams of the dye are required for each pair. [25]
For other colors of denim other dyes must be
used. Currently, jeans are produced in any color
that can be achieved with cotton.
For more information on dyeing, refer to denim
and the discussion there of using pigment dyes.
Pre-shrinking
Young people wearing a variety of jean
styles, including carpenter jeans ,
bootcut jeans , drainpipe jeans and
lowrise jeans . (Rome, 2008)
In 1962 Levi Strauss introduced pre-shrunk
jeans, which did not shrink further after purchase,
allowing the consumer to purchase a correctly
fitting size. [26] These jeans were known as the
505 regular fit jeans. The 505 are almost
identical to the 501s with the exception of the
button-fly. The Levi's Corporation also introduced
a slim boot-cut fit known as 517 and 527. The
difference between the two is the 517s sit at the
waist line and the 527s sit below the waist line.
Later, Levi's would develop other styles and fits
such as the loose, slim, comfort, relaxed, skinny,
and a regular fit with a tapered leg.
Used and distressed looks
Ronald Reagan wearing stonewash
denim associated with Western
clothing , 1970s
The used or "acid wash " look is created by
means of abrading the jeans and/or treating
them with chemicals, such as acryl resin, phenol,
a hypochlorite, potassium permanganate, caustic
soda, acids etc. [27]
Ripping or distressing of jeans, though also
arising naturally as a result of wear and tear, is
sometimes deliberately performed by suppliers -
with distressed clothing sometimes selling for
more than a nondistressed pair. For example,
Pucci sold "embellished mid-rise boyfriend
jeans" for £600 (US$860). [28]
Sandblasting or abrading with
sandpaper
Consumers wanting jeans that appear worn can
buy jeans that have been specially treated. To
give the fabrics the worn look, sandblasting
done with chemicals or by adding pumice stone
to the washing process or abrading with
sandpaper is often done.
Environmental and humanitarian
impact
A typical pair of blue jeans uses 919 gallons
(3479 liters) of water during its life cycle. This
includes the water to irrigate the cotton crop,
manufacture the jeans, and the numerous
washes by the consumer. [29]
The production of jeans with a "used look" can
be more environmentally damaging than regular
jeans [30] [ citation needed] , depending on how
the waste compounds are processed.
Sandblasting and treating with sandpaper has the
risk of causing silicosis to the workers, and in
Turkey, more than 5,000 textile workers have
been stricken with this disease, and 46 people
are known to have died. Some companies have
announced they are banning the use of
sandblasting. [31]
Care and wear
Despite most jeans being "pre-shrunk", they are
still sensitive to slight further shrinkage and loss
of color from being washed. The Levi Strauss
company recommends avoiding washing jeans
as much as possible. Carl Chiara, Levi Strauss
director of brand and special projects, has a
credo: The less you wash your jeans, the better
your jeans become. [32] These and other
suggestions to avoid washing jeans where
possible have encountered criticism. Cory
Warren, editor of LS&Co. Unzipped, clarifies in a
response to such a criticism:
For those who prefer to refrain from washing
their jeans there have been suggestions to freeze
them in order to kill the germs that cause odor.
However, this advice has been disputed as
ineffective and replaced with the suggestion of
baking them for ten minutes at 250 degrees
Fahrenheit. [33] (120 °C).
Jeans in the law
Jeans are covered under laws regarding trousers .
As well, there have been some notable legal
cases involving jeans specifically:
In Rome , Italy, in 1992, a 45-year-old driving
instructor was accused of rape. When he picked
up an 18-year-old girl for her first driving lesson,
he allegedly raped her for an hour, then told her
that if she was to tell anyone he would kill her.
Later that night she told her parents and her
parents agreed to help her press charges. While
the alleged rapist was convicted and sentenced,
the Italian Supreme Court overturned the
conviction in 1998 because the victim wore tight
jeans. It was argued that she must have
necessarily had to help her attacker remove her
jeans, thus making the act consensual ("because
the victim wore very, very tight jeans, she had to
help him remove them ... and by removing the
jeans ... it was no longer rape but consensual
sex"). The Italian Supreme Court stated in its
decision "it is a fact of common experience that
it is nearly impossible to slip off tight jeans
even partly without the active collaboration of
the person who is wearing them." [34] This ruling
sparked widespread feminist protest. The day
after the decision, women in the Italian
Parliament protested by wearing jeans and
holding placards that read "Jeans: An Alibi for
Rape". As a sign of support, the California
Senate and Assembly followed suit. Soon
Patricia Giggans, Executive Director of the Los
Angeles Commission on Assaults Against
Women, (now Peace Over Violence) made Denim
Day an annual event. As of 2011 at least 20 U.S.
states officially recognize Denim Day in April.
Wearing jeans on this day has become an
international symbol of protest against erroneous
and destructive attitudes about sexual assault.
As of 2008 the Italian Supreme Court has
overturned their findings, and there is no longer
a "denim" defense to the charge of rape.
In 2014, an Indian family court in Mumbai ruled
that a husband objecting to his wife wearing a
kurta and jeans and forcing her to wear a sari
amounts to cruelty inflicted by the husband and
can be a ground to seek divorce. [35] The wife
was thus granted a divorce on the ground of
cruelty as defined under section 27(1)(d) of
Special Marriage Act, 1954. [35]
Trends
Worldwide market for jeans
North America accounts for 39% of global
purchases for jeans, followed by Western Europe
at 20%, Japan and Korea at 10% and the rest of
the world at 31%. [36]
United States consumers spent more than US$14
billion on jeans in 2004 and US$15 billion in
2005. [37] US consumers bought US$13.8 billion
of men's and women's jeans in the year that
ended 30 April 2011, according to market-
research firm NPD Group. [38]
Jeans in the USSR
This section needs expansion . You can help by
adding to it . (July 2015)
In the Soviet Union, jeans were the symbol of the
Western way of life. The "jeans fever" in the
USSR started in 1957 during the World Festival
of Youth and Students . [39] According to a 1961
Russian textile dictionary, jeans were initially
referred to as a "worker's uniform" (рабочий
костюм, rabochii kostyum ). [40]
The jeans brand Rokotov and Fainberg is named
after the defendants in the Rokotov–Faibishenko
case, who were executed for, among other
things, trafficking in jeans. [39]
Although not outright banned, jeans were hard to
come by in USSR. It was seen as a symbol of
rebellion by the Soviet youth who wanted to
emulate the style of film and rock stars of the
West. The Soviet government resisted supplying
the market with jeans as that would mean
responding to the market, a capitalist
principle. [41] People went to great lengths,
sometimes resorting to violence and other illegal
activities to obtain real Western made jeans.
This led to the creation of black markets and
bootlegging of jeans, which since has become
an important cultural element in the history of
the Soviet Union. [42]
Market-share shift to activewear
In 2014, teens were buying more fashion and
athleisure clothing from brands such as Nike and
Lululemon over denim classics from brands like
Abercrombie & Fitch . [43] Activewear in 2014
comprised 28% of teens' apparel purchases, up
from 6% in 2008. In 2014, Nike, Lululemon,
Under Armour , and Adidas were the most popular
brands for athletic apparel among teen
consumers. Fashion retailers have begun to
adjust their offerings accordingly. Bloomberg
reports that Levi's, which is the world's most
iconic denim company, stuck to its core product
(denim) instead of adapting to consumer trends.
As a result, Levi's sales decreased from over
USD 7 billion to USD 4.8 billion in 2015. [44]
Distressed jeans
Distressed denim emerged from the cultural
punk movement in the 1970s. Early punks tore
apart consumer goods as an expression of their
anger towards society. [45] Johnny Rotten of the
Sex Pistols manifested the British punk ideology,
which was fighting against the status quo. Denim
became a key target of this politically fueled
deconstruction, with both men and women
donning torn pants and jackets, accessorized
with safety pins and slogans. The trend became
popular again in the 1990s with the emergence
of grunge fashion. If punk was "anti-fashion",
grunge was "non-fashion". The grunge youth
wore loose-fitting ripped jeans, flannel shirts or
woolen Pendletons layered over T-shirts. Their
anti-conformist approach to fashion led to the
popularization of the casual chic look, a trend
which continued into the 2000s.
Low-rise jeans
Media reported in 2017 that the trend of low-rise
jeans , famous in 1990s and 2000s as sagging ,
was coming back in fashion due to celebrities
like Justin Bieber endorsing it. [46] Low-rise
jeans are usually worn 2-3 inches or more below
the navel. [47]
Industrial production
How denim fabric is stored in the factory.
Automated cutting machines are used in
RMG factory to cut the pieces.
P P Spray and P P Sponging being applied
to jeans to give them a new look.
Adding 3D crunching, whiskers, and wrinkles
to jeans to make them look more used.
Applying permanent wrinkles to jeans.
Hand scraping of jeans.
Resin treatment process on jeans.
Tacking on jeans (adds strength to high-
stress areas).
Socks dyeing machine in a washing plant for
washing jeans.
The process of washing and drying jeans.
The final steps of preparing jeans for
market.
Checking the fit on a live model.
Quality checking and quality assurance.
Jeans denim pants are displayed for the
buyer in the RMG factory showroom.
See also
Fashion portal
Athleisure
Baggy jeans
Daisy Dukes
Denim skirt ("jean" skirt)
Designer jeans
Drainpipe jeans
Jeggings
Mom jeans
Western fashion
Women and trousers
References
1. ^ Loverin, Jan (2006). "A Nevada Stylist: Your
Denim Jeans Are a Nevada Invention" (PDF).
Nevada State Museum Newsletter . 36 (3): 4.
Archived from the original (PDF) on |
archive-url= requires |archive-date=
( help). Retrieved January 29, 2015.
2. ^ See, e.g., The Richmond Enquirer
(Richmond, VA) March 25, 1823, wherein a paid
notice described the ready-made apparel stolen
by a thief : FIFTY DOLLARS REWARD, FOR
JEREMIAH, or as he is commonly called Jerry
Hatcher, lately a convict of the Penitentiary, who
on the night of the 17th February last did break
through my store and carry off a variety of
goods, together with about $20 in change and
some ready made clothing, and has made his
escape. He is about 4 1/2 or 5 feet high, stout
and very well made, with light hair, and I expect
has on blue Jeans coatee and brown pantaloons,
as he took such from me and has been seen
with them on. I expect he is either in Richmond,
Petersburg or Lynchburg. Any person who will
apprehend said Hatcher and deliver him to me,
will meet with my thanks, and the above reward.
BRIGHTBERRY BROWN [,] Red Mills,
Buckingham [County, Virginia], March 14.
3. ^ Howard, Michael C. (February 17, 2011).
Transnationalism and Society: An Introduction .
McFarland. ISBN 9780786486250 .
4. ^ "Jeans" . facweb.cs.depaul.edu . Retrieved
August 14, 2017.
5. ^ Gruber, Gerlinde (2010). The Master of the
Blue Jeans: A New Painter of Reality in Late 17th
Century Europe . Paris: Galerie Canesso. p. 23.
6. ^ "Read More" . Ingenious.org.uk. Archived
from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved
October 28, 2015.
7. ^ Gruber, Gerlinde (2010). The Master of the
Blue Jeans: A New Painter of Reality in Late 17th
Century Europe . Paris: Galerie Canesso. p. 10.
8. ^ Welch, Evelyn (2005). Shopping in the
Renaissance: Consumer Cultures in Italy 1400–
1600. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 44.
9. ^ William, Carrie (September 3, 2017). "Origin
and History of Dungaree Fabric" .
Historyofjeans.com. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
10. ^ a b Sullivan, J. (2006). Jeans: A cultural
history of an American icon . New York: Gotham
Books
11. ^ a b Downey, Lynn (2007). "A Short History
of Denim" (PDF). official Levi Strauss & Co.
historian. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
12. ^ Wagman-Gellar, Marlene (2010). Eureka!:
The Surprising Stories Behind the Ideas That
Shaped the World , Eureka #3 (1871)
(unpaginated). Penguin Group (USA), Inc.
Retrieved 2 October 2011.
13. ^ U.S. Patent 139,121
14. ^ Hobson, J. (July 1, 2013). "To die for?
The health and safety of fast fashion" .
Occupational Medicine . 63 (5): 317–319.
doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqt079 .
ISSN 0962-7480 . PMID 23837074 .
15. ^ "A History Of Blue Jeans: From Miners'
Wear to American Classic - Nature and
Community - MOTHER EARTH NEWS" . Mother
Earth News . Retrieved March 17, 2017.
16. ^ "Style: August 2015" . New Orleans
Living Magazine. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
17. ^ "The History of Jeans" . newint.org .
Archived from the original on March 17, 2017.
Retrieved March 17, 2017.
18. ^ Fitzgerald, Benjamin. "Denim: History of
Jeans & American Culture" . Le Souk. Retrieved
February 24, 2019.
19. ^ Lauren Cochrane and Helen Seamons.
"James Dean: an enduring influence on modern
fashion | Fashion" . The Guardian. Retrieved
October 28, 2015.
20. ^ Smith, Nancy MacDonell (2003). The
Classic Ten:poella grande y gruesa The True
Story of the Little Black Dress and Nine Other
Fashion Favorites . Penguin. p. 42.
ISBN 978-0-14-200356-5 . Retrieved January 13,
2011.
21. ^ "女生七嘴八舌嚷「解放」 老教授硬是不准
入課堂" . The Kung Sheung Daily News . May
27, 1977. Retrieved February 25, 2019.
22. ^ "De Nimes" . vice.com . Retrieved May
30, 2017.
23. ^ "Levi's By the Numbers (Men's)" .
Worldflow Knowledge. Archived from the
original on May 8, 2009. Retrieved December
31, 2010.
24. ^ Katya Foreman (April 1, 2015). "Jean
genie: The denim evolution" .
25. ^ Elmar Steingruber "Indigo and Indigo
Colorants" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial
Chemistry 2004, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:
10.1002/14356007.a14_149.pub2
26. ^ "Levi Strauss & Co. Timeline" (PDF).
Archived from the original (PDF) on October 9,
2012. Retrieved November 23, 2012.
27. ^ Der preis der Bluejeans documentary by
Studio Hamburg 2012
28. ^ Laura Craik (March 8, 2014), "Am I too
old for ... ripped jeans?" , The Times : 11
29. ^ Kaufman, Leslie (November 1, 2011). "Tim
Tries to Minimize Water Use" . NYTimes.com.
Retrieved March 10, 2012.
30. ^ "History Of Denim | Elsham Jeans &
Cotton Processing | Official Website" . elsham-
eg.com . Retrieved March 17, 2017.
31. ^ "Sandblasted jeans: Should we give up
distressed denim?" . BBC News . September
30, 2011.
32. ^ a b "Wash My Jeans? Hardly" . LS&CO.
UNZIPPED. July 30, 2012. Archived from the
original on September 11, 2010.
33. ^ "History, Travel, Arts, Science, People,
Places | Smithsonian" .
Blogs.smithsonianmag.com. Retrieved October
28, 2015.
34. ^ Faedi, Benedetta (2009). "Rape, Blue
Jeans, and Judicial Developments in Italy" .
Columbia Journal of European Law . Archived
from the original on August 28, 2011.
Retrieved April 26, 2011.
35. ^ a b PTI (June 28, 2014). "Wife's jeans ban
is grounds for divorce, India court rules" .
GulfNews.com. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
36. ^ "World Denim Market – A Report on
Capacities, Market Size, Forecasts etc | Denim
Jeans | Trends, News and Reports |
Worldwide" . Denimsandjeans.com. October
13, 2009. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
37. ^ Sullivan, James (August 17, 2006). Jeans:
A Cultural History of an American Icon. London:
Gotham Books. ISBN 978-1-59240-214-4 .
OCLC 62697070 .
38. ^ Binkley, Christina (July 7, 2011). "How
Can Jeans Cost $300?" . Wall Street Journal .
39. ^ a b Rudevich, Alexei. Worth going to
prison for: Getting hold of jeans in the USSR .
Russia Beyond the Headlines, 16 September
2014. Accessed on 16 November 2014.
40. ^ Rabinowitch, Z.E. (1961). Lupandin, K.K.
(ed.). English-Russian Textile Dictionary (Second
Edition, Revised and Englarged ed.). Central
Editorial Board, Foreign-Language Scientific and
Technical Dictionaries, Fizmatgiz. p. 247.
41. ^ "Soviet Denim Smuggling - Jeans Behind
the Iron Curtain" . Heddels . September 14,
2014. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
42. ^ Dazed (August 19, 2016). "Exploring the
USSR's underground obsession with Levi's
501s" . Dazed. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
43. ^ Retail (April 9, 2014). "How Teens Are
Spending Money" . Business Insider. Retrieved
October 28, 2015.
44. ^ Ashley Lutz (October 11, 2015). "A
longtime American wardrobe staple is in danger
of extinction" . AOL. Retrieved October 28,
2015.
45. ^ "Distressed denim: a history" .
46. ^ "Are You Ready for the Return of Low-Rise
Jeans?" . The Fashion Spot. August 13, 2013.
Retrieved January 26, 2018.
47. ^ "10 Types of Jeans" . Rated Star.
December 23, 2017. Retrieved June 2, 2018.
Notes
1. ^ Bottom weight fabric is a heavier fabric
suitable for pants or skirts (a.k.a. bottoms). Not
necessarily a thick or heavy fabric but heavier
than something that would be used to make a
blouse or shirt.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Jeans .
Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0
unless otherwise noted.
Terms of Use • Privacy • Desktop
No comments:
Post a Comment